JWI Presents: Anchoring Truths Podcast
By James Wilson Institute
JWI Presents: Anchoring Truths PodcastNov 30, 2023
Feminism & Natural Law with Erika Bachiochi
Erika Bachiochi joins host Garrett Snedeker on the Anchoring Truths Podcast for a wide-ranging discussion of her thoughts on Natural Law and modern feminism as a departure from the feminism of the 19th and 20th centuries.
Erika Bachiochi is a legal scholar at the Ethics and Public Policy Center specializing in Equal Protection jurisprudence, feminist legal theory, Catholic social teaching, and sexual ethics. A 2018 visiting scholar at Harvard Law School, she is also a Senior Fellow at the Abigail Adams Institute in Cambridge, MA, where she founded and directs the Wollstonecraft Project. Her newest book, The Rights of Women: Reclaiming a Lost Vision, was published by Notre Dame University Press in 2021, and was named a finalist for the Intercollegiate Studies Institute’s 2022 Conservative Book of the Year award.
Bachiochi's Podcast with Ezra Klein: https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/31/podcasts/transcript-ezra-klein-interviews-erika-bachiochi.html
Justice Amy Barrett & Rejecting Judicial Supremacy with Prof. Kevin Walsh
Anchoring Truths Podcast host Garrett Snedeker welcomes Prof. Kevin Walsh of Catholic Law for a briefing on Prof. Walsh's recent conversation with Justice Amy Barrett that touched on the institutional authority of the Supreme Court. Topics covered include Justice Barrett's apparent rejection of judicial supremacy and more thoroughly the debate over judicial supremacy versus departmentalism.
Kevin C. Walsh is a professor at The Catholic University of America Columbus School of Law, and co-director of the Law School’s Project on Constitutional Originalism and the Catholic Intellectual Tradition. Professor Walsh teaches federal courts, constitutional law, torts, agency and partnership, and a seminar on law in the Catholic intellectual tradition.
Professor Walsh’s scholarship focuses on doctrines that define the scope of federal judicial power, and has appeared in the Georgetown Law Journal, Stanford Law Review, New York University Law Review, and the Notre Dame Law Review, among other venues.
Prior to joining Catholic Law, Professor Walsh taught at the University of Richmond School of Law for thirteen years. He previously practiced law at Hunton & Williams LLP. Professor Walsh clerked for Justice Antonin Scalia on the Supreme Court of the United States and for Judge Paul V. Niemeyer on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. He is a graduate of Harvard Law School, the University of Notre Dame, and Dartmouth College.
Watch Prof. Walsh's discussion with Justice Barrett on YouTube here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJUHuu2aoP4
Pushing Roe Over the Brink with Pro-Life Legal Architect Clarke Forsythe
Clarke Forsythe joins Garrett Snedeker for a discussion of his new book on the history of the fall of Roe v. Wade and the rise of the pro-life movement. The book, co-authored with Alexandra DeSanctis, Pushing Roe v. Wade Over the Brink, chronicles the 50 year legal campaign against Roe v. Wade, the implications of the Dobbs decision overruling Roe, and the challenges for the cause for life in America going forward. This rich discussion reminds us of both where the pro-life movement has been and where it must go in order to save the lives of pre-born children.
Clarke Forsythe is Senior Counsel at Americans United for Life (AUL) and the author of Abuse of Discretion: The Inside Story of Roe v. Wade Encounter Books 2013, which was cited by the Supreme Court in its majority opinion in Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, which overruled Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey.
In his 38 years at AUL, Clarke has been co-counsel for parties in three U.S. Supreme Court cases and has argued cases before federal and state appellate courts. He has also testified before Congress and state legislatures. Clarke has authored or co-authored 20+ professional legal articles on constitutional and bioethical issues.
Purchase a copy of the book here.
Depths of the Deep State: Theo Wold on Conservative Failure on the Administrative Law
Join the Anchoring Truths Podcast Team with our friend Theo Wold, the former Solicitor General of Idaho, for a quite personal account of the origins of the administrative state and the failure of the conservative movement to combat its growth. With key insights derived from his experience working in the Trump Administration, Wold helps illuminate just how many challenges the administrative bureaucracy poses to a future Republican President, as well as the potential path forward. This is an episode you will not want to miss.
Before serving as Idaho's Solicitor General, Wold served as the Acting-Assistant Attorney General in the Office of Legal Policy at the Department of Justice and Deputy Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy under President Donald Trump. Before working in the Trump Administration, Wold served as Deputy Chief Counsel to United States Senator Mike Lee on the Senate Judiciary Committee.
Theo Wold's analysis is best fleshed out in his recent essay "A Century of Impotency: Conservative Failure and the Administrative State", as featured in the Claremont Institute's recently published volume Up from Conservativism. We encourage our listeners to read both Wold's essay and the book in its entirety.
Cryptocurrency & Politics with Zeke Faux
Join Bloomberg Investigative reporter Zeke Faux and the Anchoring Truths Podcast team for a deep dive into his first groundbreaking book Number Go Up, an engrossing account of the cryptocurrency craze, and how Sam Bankman-Fried and a titular cast of nerds, crypto visionaries and swindlers turned virtual coins into trillions of dollars. With key insights into the rise and fall of the crypto craze and those swallowed by it, we highly encourage our listeners to listen to this week’s episode.
Zeke Faux is an investigative reporter for Bloomberg Businessweek and Bloomberg News in New York. He's a winner of the Gerald Loeb award for explanatory business journalism and the American Bar Association's Silver Gavel award, and a finalist for a National Magazine Award. Faux lives in Brooklyn, New York, with his wife and their three children.
Judge Douglas Ginsburg on New Documentary "We Hold These Truths"
Judge Douglas Ginsburg joins the Anchoring Truths Podcast for an in-depth discussion of the new documentary he shaped, We Hold These Truths, a story of the Declaration of Independence's global legacy. Judge Ginsburg traveled the world to film the documentary, which aired on PBS over Independence Day. It's now available to watch free of charge on YouTube.
Judge Ginsburg has served as a judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit since 1986. Before joining the court, he served in the Reagan Justice Department. He has taught at the University of Chicago Law School, Columbia Law School, New York Law School, and the Scalia Law School.
Watch the documentary here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oc2Ij8NhP2E
More information on the documentary: https://www.pbs.org/show/we-hold-these-truths-global-quest-liberty/
Political Economy & the Common Good with Prof. Alexander Salter
The AT Podcast continues with a mini-series “The Right Rethinks Economics" featuring guest author Prof. Alexander Salter. Prof. Salter has sought to bridge a gap in the the discourse between the camp that represents the received wisdom broadly supportive of economic liberty and the camp that considers doctrinaire defenses of economic liberty to be ill-suited, at least on their own, for the challenges of the present.
Prof. Salter is the Georgie G. Snyder Associate Professor of Economics in the Rawls College of Business at Texas Tech University. His new book that we’ll be discussing is titled The Political Economy of Distributism: Property, Liberty, and the Common Good, published by Catholic University of America Press.
Prof. Salter took his PhD and MA in economics from George Mason University and earned a BA from Occidental.
Tyranny Inc. with Sohrab Ahmari
As part of an ongoing conversation surrounding the rethinking of economic policy on the American right, Compact Magazine editor Sohrab Ahmari joins host Garrett Snedeker and JWI Intern Victoria Baker to discuss his new book, Tyranny, Inc. Their discussion touches on the balance of power between capital and labor across varying periods of economic history, the potential for private corporations to pose a threat to individual liberty, and the appropriate role for unions in America's economic and political life.
Clarence Thomas: The People's Justice with Judge Amul Thapar
Join Judge Amul Thapar and the Anchoring Truths Podcast team for a deep dive into Judge Thapar's new book on Justice Clarence Thomas, "The People's Justice." The book delves into some of Justice Thomas's opinions that tell the fascinating stories of the litigants behind the cases.
John Yoo on Recent SCOTUS Term & Politically Incorrect Guide to the Supreme Court
Prof. John Yoo of California's Berkeley Law School joins the pod for a light-hearted and spirited discussion of his new, co-authored book "The Politically Incorrect Guide to the Supreme Court" as well as the recent decisions of the Supreme Court in its OT 2022 term.
(0:01:24) Why write the book? (0:04:17) Books you aren’t supposed to read (0:08:03) Brown v. Board and the Harvard Admissions case (0:13:25) Lochner Era and “freedom of contract” (0:24:06) Commerce Clause, future litigation on economic rights, administrative agencies (0:32:23) Contrasts between legal positivism and natural law (0:38:09) Counterfactual possibilities, what drives progressive jurisprudence vs. originalism (0:46:40) Dobbs leak (0:56:05) Closing segment, defining legacy of the Roberts court
Scalia: Rise to Greatness with James Rosen
James Rosen, author of Scalia: Rise to Greatness, and Chief White House Correspondent for Newsmax, joins host Garrett Snedeker for an insider's look at Antonin Scalia's life before he became Justice Scalia. Their discussion touches on Scalia's upbringing in New York, his early positions in the Nixon and Ford White Houses, his tenure as a law professor, and those early years as a judge on the D.C. Circuit.
America's Culture of Religious Liberty with Mark David Hall
Prof. Mark David Hall, JWI Affiliated Scholar and Professor at George Fox University, joins host Garrett Snedeker for a discussion of Mark's new book Proclaim Liberty Throughout All the Land: How Christianity Has Advanced Freedom and Equality for All Americans. The two discuss the vital place of religious liberty in American culture, both historically and at present. They delve especially deeply into the highly problematic slogan "separation of church and state" as well as contemporary flashpoints in the courts over religious liberty.
Feminism Against Progress with Mary Harrington
Mary Harrington, author of Feminism Against Progress, joins host Garrett Snedeker for a discussion of her fascinating new book. Harrington, a British writer, argues that “Progress” no longer benefits the majority of women, and only a feminism that is skeptical of it can truly defend their interests in the twenty-first century. She explains how modern feminism claims to advance “equality” and “freedom” but instead results in sexual dimorphism itself. This shift may benefit the elites, but it only makes it easier to commodify women’s bodies, human intimacy, and female reproductive abilities by stripping women of the exact things that make them uniquely women.
Harrington, a self-described “reactionary feminist,” is a contributing weekly editor at UnHerd. She was born in the United Kingdom and graduated from Oxford University in 2002. Her work quickly drew attention from the UK’s Unherd, and she has since appeared in First Things, American Affairs, the New York Post, The Spectator, the New Statesman, The Times of London, and the Daily Mail. She writes a weekly Substack, Reactionary Feminist, on culture and politics in the cyborg era.
Restoring the Lincolnian Vision: Rep. Keith Rothfus
Rep. Keith Rothfus joins the AT Podcast for a discussion of the Lincolnian position, particularly on abortion, and why it needs to be restored in our political and legal discourse. We also chat about his terms in Congress and what reforms he advocates for a better functioning U.S. House.
A Crisis of Messaging: The Pro-Life Movement at the Federal Level with Jon Schweppe and Garrett Snedeker
Jon Schweppe of American Principles Project and Garrett Snedeker sit down to discuss the confusion in the pro-life movement among conservative politicians, particularly at the Federal level. While some have taken up the standard of national restrictions on abortion, others have taken the line simply that the Dobbs decision returned the choice to the States and the Federal government has no further business in abortion. Jon Schweppe warns that without a coherent strategy and message, the pro-life movement may be set back years by this confusion.
Who Will Tame the Bots? Regulating Artificial Intelligence with Adam Thierer
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning have reentered our public discourse due to some fascinating new applications, yet AI’s role in these areas has also made many question the moral place of AI and its implications on our culture beyond these applications. We’ll be discussing these topics and more with one of the foremost experts on AI and tech regulation, Adam Thierer.
The New College: "A Hillsdale of the South" with Mark Bauerlein
Garrett Snedeker sits down with Mark Bauerlein to discuss the New College of Florida, the importance of new alternative educational institutions, and what these kinds of long-term strategies mean for the conservative movement.
Chevron Deference, Conservatism's Pivot, and Scalia's Mantle
"Who Deserves Scalia's Mantle?" by Garrett Snedeker
https://www.theamericanconservative.com/who-deserves-scalias-mantle/
"Legal Conservatism's Chevron Pivot" by Jesse Merriam
https://lawliberty.org/book-review/legal-conservatisms-chevron-pivot/
"How to Save the West" with Spencer Klavan
Western Culture is in a state of crisis. Objective truth is being replaced by virtual reality, humanity by “transhumanism,” meaning by meaninglessness, and religion by whole-hearted devotion to scientism. And these are just a few examples of the situation the West faces. We discuss these subjects and more with Spencer Klavan, the author of How to Save the West: Ancient Wisdom for 5 Modern Crises (Regnery).
The Great Parent Revolt with Lance Izumi
“The introduction of critical race theory (CRT) and race-based instruction in schools has disrupted American classrooms from coast to coast and impacted families from every ethnic, cultural, and income background.” That’s the opening sentence of a new book that chronicles the story of individual parents, students, and school board members who are fighting this ideological indoctrination. One of the co-authors of that book joins the Anchoring Truths Podcast.
Lance Izumi is Senior Director of the Center for Education at the Pacific Research Institute. He has written and produced books, studies and films on a wide variety of education topics. His new co-authored book that we’ll discuss today is THE GREAT PARENT REVOLT: How Parents and Grassroots Leaders Are Fighting Critical Race Theory in America’s Schools.
In 2016-17, Mr. Izumi served on President Trump’s transition Agency Action Team for education policy. As a member of the transition team, he drafted policy papers and recommendations for consideration by the Trump administration.
Mr. Izumi served as chief speechwriter and director of writing and research for California Governor George Deukmejian and as speechwriter to United States Attorney General Edwin Meese III in President Ronald Reagan’s administration.
You may purchase the book from Amazon here.
The Right Rethinks Economics with Samuel Gregg
Dr. Samuel Gregg returns to the Anchoring Truths Podcast for a discussion of his new book, The Next American Economy: Nation, State, and Markets in an Uncertain World. Gregg carefully addresses New Right criticism of the conventional wisdom on economics that pervaded conservative intellectual circles in recent decades. Gregg offers a defense of America as a commercial republic, though one in need of a substantive argument rooted in morals to defend trade and growth. He also discusses how China's unique challenge requires a rethinking of the conventional wisdom in a healthy way.
"Myth of Overpunishment" with Criminologist Barry Latzer
Join Garrett Snedeker and Criminologist Barry Latzer for an in-depth look at Latzer's new book, The Myth of Overpunishment, arguing provocatively that America underincarcerates. Latzer also details his proposal for reducing the cost of incarceration as well as the overall prison population: e-carceration.
Key Debates of 2022: Looking Back at the Year That Was
Host Garrett Snedeker and JWI Programs Manager Daniel Osborne review the key debates in law and morality animating the conservative legal movement in 2022. They also discuss how those debates featured in audiences gathered by JWI.
Best & Worst Religious Liberty Protections in the States: Dr. Jordan Ballor
Garrett Snedeker sits down with Jordan Ballor, Director of Research at the Center for Religion, Culture, and Democracy at First Liberty Institute, to discuss the CRCD's inaugural, first of its kind initiative to measure and rank each state's safeguards for religious liberty.
Conservative Affirmation: Dan McCarthy on Essayist Willmoore Kendall
Populism and self-government take center stage in this discussion of "The Conservative Affirmation" by essayist Willmoore Kendall. The book of essays has been re-released with a new foreword by ISI's Dan McCarthy. McCarthy joins us for a wide-ranging discussion of Kendall, populism, and the underpinnings of conservative intellectual thought.
After Dobbs & Crisis of House Divided: Hadley Arkes & Gerry Bradley
JWI Founder & Director Hadley Arkes offers his fullest statement on the Supreme Court's decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health. Arkes finds much to savor in Justice Alito's majority opinion, but cautions that the logic of Justice Kavanaugh's pivotal concurrence does not augur well for conservative jurisprudence. JWI Senior Scholar Gerry Bradley reacts to Arkes's address with his own notes of caution and his path forward for pro-life litigation strategy. This is a recording of a public event JWI hosted on October 28, 2022.
"A Man of Iron" with Grover Cleveland Biographer Troy Senik
In this episode of the Anchoring Truths podcast, Garrett Snedeker and JWI intern Jacob Shields sit down with Troy Senik to discuss his new book titled, "A Man of Iron; The Turbulent Life and Improbable Presidency of Grover Cleveland" They discuss Cleveland's rise to political prominence, his principled approach to executive power, and his relevance to our current moment. You can purchase a copy of the book here.
"Rethinking Libel, Defamation, and Press Accountability" with Carson Holloway
In this episode, Garrett Snedeker and JWI intern Jacob Shields sit down with Professor Carson Holloway of the University of Nebraska, Omaha, to discuss his recent article for the Claremont Institute titled "Rethinking Libel, Defamation, and Press Accountability," They discuss New York Times v. Sullivan, the natural right to reputation, and the most likely scenario for a challenge to current libel precedent.
Dispatches From NatCon 3: Featuring Timon Cline and Daniel Osborne
Join us as host Garrett Snedeker and JWI Programs Manager Daniel Osborne recap their experience at the National Conservatism Conference (NatCon) in Miami Sept. 11-13, 2022. Timon Cline, an Anchoring Truths contributing writer and panelist at NatCon, chats with Garrett about Protestantism and the Anglo-American Conservative Tradition.
"Religion, the Founding, & the First Amendment" with Phillip Munoz
Professor Phillip Munoz, author a new book on the original meaning of the First Amendment's religion clauses, joins the Anchoring Truths Podcast for a wide-ranging discussion on what the Founders thought about religion and what the drafters of the Constitution wrought with the First Amendment.
"Building on the Right" with Mike Sabo, Editor of the RealClear Civics Portal
Garrett Snedeker sits down for a conversation with Mike Sabo of the RealClear Civics Portal to discuss building up organizations and ideas in the conservative movement.
"Tearing Us Apart: How Abortion Harms Everything and Solves Nothing" with Ryan Anderson
Garrett Snedeker and JWI Intern Sarah Merly sit down with Ryan Anderson, President of EPPC and JWI Fellowship Faculty member, to discuss how Abortion has impacted our culture and political discourse. They analyze how the Dobbs decision may play out in the years ahead.
"Classified: The Untold Story of Racial Classification in America" with Professor Bernstein
In this episode of the Anchoring Truths podcast, Professor David Bernstein, of the Antonin Scalia Law School at George Mason University, joins host Garrett Snedeker and JWI intern Sophia Harrison to discuss his newest book Classified: The Untold Story of Racial Classification in America. Professor Bernstein discusses the problems with classifying race and ethnicity using imprecise, government mandated categories. The extent of the problem extends beyond affirmative action programs to funding for federal contracts as well as how pharmaceutical companies have had to conduct research into developing new drugs. Of further interest to our listeners, Snedeker served as a research assistant for Bernstein on the book. Click here to purchase Classified: The Untold Story of Racial Classification in America!
"Why I Stand" with NBA Orlando Magic's Jonathan Isaac
In this episode of the Anchoring Truths podcast, Orlando Magic star Jonathan Isaac joins Garrett Snedeker and JWI Intern Chloe Edwards to discuss his book Why I Stand. Isaac details his refusal to kneel for Black Lives Matter during one of his spring 2020 basketball games, particularly who shaped his character, the potential consequences of his decision to stand, and more. He also explains how his Christian faith intersects with all aspects of his life, including his basketball career. Please click here to purchase Why I Stand on Amazon!
Building the Right: Lawyer and Non-Profit Strategist Andrew Kloster
Welcome back to our multi-episode series on "Building the Right." This episode features Andrew Kloster, good friend of Garrett Snedeker, Senior Counsel at Compass Legal Group, and longtime fixture in the conservative movement.
Link to Andrew's substack: https://andrewkloster.substack.com/
"What Comes After the Religious Right?" with Nate Hochman
In this episode, Garrett Snedeker joins talented young journalist Nate Hochman to discuss his recent article, "What Comes After the Religious Right?" This article was featured as the lead essay for the New York Times' Sunday Section in early June of 2022 and is applauded for its detailed descriptions on the debate on the future of conservatism and the Republican party.
Moral Truth & Constitutional Conservatism with Gerry Bradley, Part 2
In this special edition of the Anchoring Truths Podcast, Prof. Gerry Bradley, JWI Senior Scholar and Trustee, delivers a powerful account of the incoherence of a jurisprudence that avoids moral reasoning.
Moral Truth & Constitutional Conservatism with Gerry Bradley, Part 1
In this special edition of the Anchoring Truths Podcast, Prof. Gerry Bradley, JWI Senior Scholar and Trustee, delivers a powerful account of the incoherence of a jurisprudence that avoids moral reasoning.
Stan Evans: Conservative Wit with Author Steve Hayward
Author Steve Hayward joins Deputy Director Garrett Snedeker and JWI Intern Emeline McClellan to discuss his recent book, M. Stanton Evans: Conservative Wit, Apostle of Freedom. In the podcast, we explore Evans’s career and legacy, the rise of conservative institutions such as YAF and the National Journalism Center, and the extraordinary wit that animated Evans’s dealings with both sides of the aisle.
Building the Right: Matthew Peterson on New Institutions
Join us for the first part of a multi-episode look at some of the individuals and groups building anew on the Right. Matt Peterson is President of New Founding and the founder of The American Mind.
"12 Angry Men & Natural Law" with Film Expert Onalee McGraw
Join us for a special edition of the Anchoring Truths Podcast at the movies as we unpack the classic legal drama 12 Angry Men with film expert Onalee McGraw. Dr. McGraw is the director of the Educational Guidance Institute.
Conflicts in State Constitutional Law—Judge Jeff Sutton, Author of "Who Decides?"
Anchoring Truths Special Edition: David Forte and Adam White on the New Texas Abortion Law
In this special episode, Garrett speaks with JWI Scholar David Forte and AEI Fellow Adam White about the history of fetal heartbeat legislation, the new Texas Heartbeat Law, and its unique enforcement mechanism allowing a private right of action for any citizen to bring suit.
John Fisher and Thomas More: Keeping Their Souls While Losing Their Heads with Judge Robert Conrad
Join Garrett Snedeker and Seth Root as they interview Judge Robert Conrad of the United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina. They discuss his new book, John Fisher and Thomas More: Keeping Their Souls While Losing Their Heads, and how the faith and integrity of these two men carried them through challenges and social upheaval.
Speechless with Michael Knowles
Michael Knowles, author of the new book "Speechless: Controlling Words, Controlling Minds," joins the Anchoring Truths Podcast to discuss how conservatives should not expect to win the culture war by abandoning all standards, how critical theory made its “long march through the institutions,” and the need for conservatives to adopt a view of free speech that is consonant with a coherent conservative worldview.
Special Podcast: Inside Look at JWI
And now for something different: a peek behind the curtain. For a special edition of our podcast, JWI Deputy Director Garrett Snedeker convened Summer Interns Tom Sarrouf and Sean Tehan for a discussion of their experience with us. Topics included how they grappled with JWI's unique approach to law, their views on how JWI adds to their own understanding of jurisprudence, learning new skills such as podcasting, and becoming accustomed to juggling independent and team-based responsibilities.
Harry Jaffa and The Soul of Politics with Author Glenn Ellmers
Glenn Ellmers, author of "The Soul of Politics: Harry V. Jaffa and the Fight for America," joins the Anchoring Truths Podcast to discuss the singular contributions of Jaffa to our understanding of the moral ground of the American regime. Topics include how Jaffa and JWI Founder Hadley Arkes overlap in their views on morality and law, the fight over conservatism in America since World War II, and Jaffa's recasting of Lincoln as the securer of the Founding.
Facing Reality: Two Truths About Race in America with Dr. Charles Murray
Dr. Charles Murray, Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, joins the podcast to discuss his new book "Facing Reality: Two Truths About Race in America." Author of "The Bell Curve" and "Coming Apart," Murray shares insights into his book, which he believes is a timely reminder that the timeless moral principle of "all men are created equal" need not mandate equal outcomes for all racial groupings.
Common Good Originalism with Josh Hammer
Newsweek opinion editor Josh Hammer joins the JWI Podcast again to discuss his influential new Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy piece, "Common Good Originalism." Topics include the history of the conservative legal movement, the influence of the Constitution's preamble on interpretation, and how a determination of the common good in constitutional interpretation draws both textual and philosophic support.
Our Dear Bought Liberty: Catholics and Religious Toleration in Early America--Book Talk with Prof. Michael Breidenbach
We talk about Breidenbach's new book, Our Dear Bought Liberty, and how early American Catholics justified secularism and overcame suspicions of disloyalty during the time of the Founding while also transforming ideas of religious liberty in the process. We also discuss whether the religious character of the colonies and early states exemplified mini-integralist republics.